Pharmacy NAD

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NAD+ references and source studies

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of the studies below. Identifiers given as published.

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The NAD+ studies below are numbered to match the inline citation markers across this site. Human trials, animal studies, structural work, and reviews are listed together in citation order, each with its journal, year, and DOI or PubMed identifier. Where a claim in the text carries a bracketed number, the corresponding entry here is its source.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Doke T, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation prevents mtRNA/RIG-I-dependent inflammation during kidney injury. Nat Metab. 2023;5(3):414-430. ↗
  7. Yamamoto T, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide, an intermediate of NAD+ synthesis, protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98972. ↗
  8. Campagna R, Vignini A. NAD(+) Homeostasis and NAD(+)-Consuming Enzymes: Implications for Vascular Health. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(2):376. ↗
  9. Zhang Y, Wang B, Fu X, et al. Exogenous NAD(+) administration significantly protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model. Am J Transl Res. 2016;8(8):3342-3350. ↗
  10. Roh E, Myoung Kang G, Young Gil S, et al. Effects of Chronic NAD Supplementation on Energy Metabolism and Diurnal Rhythm in Obese Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(9):1448-1456. ↗
  11. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  12. Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. ↗
  13. Garavaglia S, D'Angelo I, Emanuelli M, et al. Structure of human NMN adenylyltransferase. A key nuclear enzyme for NAD homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(10):8524-8530. ↗
  14. Gossmann TI, Ziegler M, Puntervoll P, et al. NAD(+) biosynthesis and salvage--a phylogenetic perspective. FEBS J. 2012;279(18):3355-3363. ↗
  15. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗